口譯學(xué)習(xí)，不能只關(guān)注語(yǔ)言和技巧層面的提高，還要關(guān)注于思維層面提升。今天北京翻譯公司教大家怎樣培養(yǎng)口譯思維?

　　Interpretation learning should not only focus on the improvement of language and skills, but also on the improvement of thinking. Today, Beijing Translation Company teaches you how to cultivate interpreting thinking.

　　1.聽(tīng)意整體化——整體性思維

　　1. Integration of Listening Sense: Integral Thinking

　　口譯人員，需要把握發(fā)言人講話的整體意義，而不是企圖把每個(gè)句子或表達(dá)都硬記下來(lái)，要主動(dòng)的對(duì)內(nèi)容要求進(jìn)行定位，理清發(fā)言人的思路，從而完整的傳達(dá)發(fā)言人所要表達(dá)的意思。

　　Interpreters need to grasp the overall meaning of the speaker's speech, rather than trying to memorize every sentence or expression, positioning the content requirements on their own initiative, and clarifying the speaker's ideas, so as to fully convey the speaker's intended meaning.

　　培養(yǎng)整體性思維，可從“聽(tīng)”處入手，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，要習(xí)慣性地問(wèn)自己：“他說(shuō)的話是什么意思?”要實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)，在“聽(tīng)”上要實(shí)現(xiàn)三個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變：從聽(tīng)字詞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槁?tīng)意思、從聽(tīng)語(yǔ)言形式轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槁?tīng)內(nèi)在含義、從語(yǔ)音聽(tīng)辨轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎Z(yǔ)流聽(tīng)辨。

　　To cultivate holistic thinking, we should start with "listening", and when listening, we should habitually ask ourselves, "What does he mean by what he says?" To achieve this, we should realize three transformations in "listening": from listening to words to listening to meaning, from listening to language form to listening to internal meaning, and from listening to voice to listening to speech.

　　遇到聽(tīng)不懂的詞時(shí)，不要糾結(jié)于這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的字面意思，要學(xué)會(huì)丟卒保車(chē)，果斷跳過(guò)該詞，接著往下聽(tīng)，聽(tīng)整體的段落和篇章的意思。此外，除了聽(tīng)取發(fā)言人的用詞用外，要學(xué)會(huì)去把握發(fā)言人的發(fā)言節(jié)奏、停頓和重音習(xí)慣等，在語(yǔ)流中實(shí)現(xiàn)辨音，抓取意思。

　　When you encounter a word you don't understand, don't get caught up in the literal meaning of the word. Learn to throw your guard and jump over the word decisively. Then listen down and listen to the whole paragraph and the meaning of the text. In addition, besides listening to the speaker's words, we should learn to grasp the rhythm, pause and stress habits of the speaker's speech, so as to recognize the sound and grasp the meaning in the language flow.

　　要是忽視發(fā)言節(jié)奏、停頓等語(yǔ)流層面的要素，單純地聽(tīng)語(yǔ)言，可能聽(tīng)到最后，詞語(yǔ)和句子全聽(tīng)懂了，卻還是聽(tīng)不懂總體意思，臨場(chǎng)翻譯也會(huì)出現(xiàn)很大的誤差。

　　If we neglect the rhythm and pause of speech and simply listen to the language, we may hear that the final words and sentences are all understood, but we still can not understand the general meaning, and there will be great errors in on-the-spot translation.

　　2.分析邏輯化——邏輯化思維

　　2. Analytical Logicalization-Logical Thinking

　　口譯，不是簡(jiǎn)單翻譯句子，而是在找尋各個(gè)句子和段落間的邏輯聯(lián)系，是對(duì)發(fā)言人源語(yǔ)進(jìn)行邏輯分析后的再加工，邏輯分析貫穿整個(gè)口譯活動(dòng)之中。

　　Interpretation is not a simple translation of sentences, but a search for logical links between sentences and paragraphs. It is a reprocessing of the spokesman's source language after logical analysis, which runs through the whole interpretation activity.

　　邏輯是口譯的生命線，分析是口譯的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。無(wú)分析，無(wú)邏輯。無(wú)邏輯，不口譯。鍛煉邏輯思維，可以聽(tīng)和說(shuō)兩端出發(fā)。要言之有理，首先要言之有據(jù)。

　　Logic is the lifeline of interpretation, and analysis is the engine of interpretation. No analysis, no logic. No logic, no interpretation. Exercise logical thinking, you can start from both ends of listening and speaking. To be reasonable, first of all, we must be justified.

　　對(duì)于說(shuō)，有兩種方式可以練習(xí)，一是即興發(fā)言，隨便拿一個(gè)話題，用“講三點(diǎn)”的方式進(jìn)行闡述，即陳述三條理由，做到有理有據(jù)、三條相互呼應(yīng)并形成總體邏輯。二是，改述練習(xí)。找一些邏輯混亂的段落，自己看一遍后，用邏輯性的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行再闡述。

　　There are two ways to practice speaking. One is to make an impromptu speech. One is to take a topic casually and elaborate it in the way of "speaking three points". That is, to state three reasons, so as to make them reasonable, three correspond to each other and form a general logic. Second, retelling exercises. Find some logical chaotic passages, read them for yourself, and explain them again in logical language.

　　關(guān)于聽(tīng)，可以從點(diǎn)到線，再?gòu)木€到面。開(kāi)始時(shí)，可以將精力放在WHAT、WHO、WHEN、 WHERE、HOW、WHY等幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)上，努力理出講話人的思路，增強(qiáng)邏輯分析意識(shí)。將上述幾個(gè)要素點(diǎn)分析出后，轉(zhuǎn)為聽(tīng)取各個(gè)要素間的邏輯關(guān)系和轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)(聽(tīng)取各類(lèi)關(guān)系標(biāo)識(shí)詞)，抓住主線，歸納發(fā)言人具體思路。

　　As for listening, you can go from point to line and then from line to surface. At the beginning, we can concentrate on several key points, such as WHAT, WHO, WHEN, WHERE, HOW, WHY, and strive to figure out the speaker's ideas and enhance the awareness of logical analysis. After the analysis of the above elements, we will listen to the logical relations and turning points between the elements (listen to all kinds of relationship markers), seize the main line, and summarize the speaker's specific ideas.

　　最后，進(jìn)行以邏輯主線為軸，對(duì)各個(gè)要素進(jìn)行串聯(lián)，進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)性輸出。上述練習(xí)，可先聽(tīng)A語(yǔ)/母語(yǔ)，然后用A語(yǔ)/母語(yǔ)輸出。再過(guò)渡到聽(tīng)B語(yǔ)/外語(yǔ)，用B語(yǔ)/外語(yǔ)或者A語(yǔ)輸出。

　　Finally, take the logical main line as the axis, connect each element in series, and output structurally. For the above exercises, you can first listen to A/mother tongue, and then output in A/mother tongue. Then I will transfer to listening to B/foreign language and output in B/foreign language or A language.

　　3.信息場(chǎng)景化——聯(lián)想性/發(fā)散思維

　　3. Information Scenario-Associative/Divergent Thinking

　　同一種信息，圖片信息的視覺(jué)印象要遠(yuǎn)深刻于聽(tīng)覺(jué)印象。在聽(tīng)辯時(shí)，可以盡量將抽象的聽(tīng)覺(jué)信息轉(zhuǎn)化為具體的視覺(jué)信息，加速理解。

　　For the same kind of information, the visual impression of picture information is far more profound than the auditory impression. In listening and debating, abstract auditory information can be transformed into specific visual information to speed up understanding.

　　具體方法，是運(yùn)用聯(lián)想性思維，將相關(guān)信息場(chǎng)景化。比如，聽(tīng)楊瀾在TED演講《The generation that's remaking China》，以菜花甜媽在的“送你蔥”開(kāi)頭，聽(tīng)到這里，要迅速聯(lián)想到《中國(guó)達(dá)人秀》的相關(guān)場(chǎng)景，設(shè)置場(chǎng)景。后續(xù)，楊瀾的演講中又提到郭美美事件和微博，聽(tīng)到這里，要馬上激活對(duì)郭美美事件的記憶，想到現(xiàn)實(shí)中的微博。將自己置身于具體場(chǎng)景之中，將所有信息具體化，減輕理解負(fù)擔(dān)。

　　The specific method is to use associative thinking to scene relevant information. For example, to listen to Yang Lan's TED speech "The Generation That's Reking China", which begins with "Give You Onions" with sweet cauliflower, we should quickly associate with the relevant scenes of "China's Got Talent Show" and set up scenes. Later, Yang Lan mentioned Guo Meimei and Weibo in her speech. Hearing this, we should immediately activate the memory of Guo Meimei and think of Weibo in reality. Place yourself in a specific scenario, concretize all the information and lighten the burden of understanding.

　　此外，可以以構(gòu)建信息樹(shù)的方式鍛煉發(fā)散思維。比如，仍以郭美美為例，將“郭美美”的詞語(yǔ)，寫(xiě)在一張的中間，然后以其為中心，寫(xiě)出與其相關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)和事件，逐層展開(kāi)，構(gòu)建信息樹(shù)。信息樹(shù)構(gòu)建完畢后，用邏輯性的語(yǔ)言，將這張信息樹(shù)進(jìn)行闡述。

　　In addition, divergent thinking can be exercised by constructing information tree. For example, still take Guo Meimei as an example, write the words of "Guo Meimei" in the middle of a piece, and then take it as the center, write out the words and events related to it, unfold layer by layer, and build an information tree. After the construction of information tree, this information tree is elaborated in logical language.

　　4.抓大放小——聽(tīng)辨選擇化

　　4. Grasp the Big and Leave the Small --- Selection of Listening and Discrimination

　　初學(xué)口譯的學(xué)員，總是希望所有的信息都聽(tīng)到、都記下，不分主次，給聽(tīng)辨和記憶帶來(lái)了沉重負(fù)擔(dān)。反映在筆記上，就是眉毛胡子一把抓，什么都想用筆記記下來(lái)，不敢舍棄。最后發(fā)現(xiàn)，一句話記下來(lái)了，耳中已經(jīng)有幾句話閃過(guò)。

　　The beginners of interpreting always hope that all the information will be heard and written down, regardless of priority, which brings heavy burden to hearing and memory. Reflected in the notes, is the eyebrows and beard grasp, everything want to write down with notes, dare not abandon. Finally, it was found that a sentence had been written down and a few words had passed through my ears.

　　結(jié)果是撿了芝麻，丟了西瓜，導(dǎo)致大量主干信息的丟失。不同于初學(xué)者，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的譯員，留在腦中的信息并不多，只是留存了主干信息和記憶支點(diǎn)，筆記中記下的也是主干信息和邏輯主線，但輸出卻非常完整。

　　As a result, sesame seeds were picked up and watermelons were lost, which resulted in the loss of a large amount of backbone information. Unlike beginners, experienced interpreters do not have much information left in their minds. They only retain the backbone information and memory fulcrum. They also record the backbone information and logical backbone in their notes, but the output is very complete.

　　口譯聽(tīng)辨，一是辨認(rèn)邏輯關(guān)系，二是識(shí)別和留存主干信息。識(shí)別主干信息，即選擇性聽(tīng)辨，可以從單句開(kāi)始，識(shí)別關(guān)鍵詞。然后擴(kuò)展到聽(tīng)段落，識(shí)別主干意群或中心句，培養(yǎng)選擇性思維。對(duì)于篇章，在聽(tīng)完篇章后，說(shuō)出或?qū)懗鲈摱温涞闹行乃枷?，然后再用一句話進(jìn)行濃縮。

　　Interpretation and listening are to identify logical relations and to identify and retain backbone information. Recognition of backbone information, namely selective listening, can start with a single sentence and identify key words. Then it extends to listening passages, identifies main meaning groups or central sentences, and cultivates selective thinking. For a passage, after listening to the passage, say or write out the main idea of the paragraph, and then condense it with a sentence.

　　5.語(yǔ)言處理?xiàng)l塊化——意群切分

　　5. Language Processing Block-Meaning Group Segmentation

　　口譯，聽(tīng)取的是意思，而不是單詞。另外，口譯不同于筆譯，對(duì)于倒裝句、狀語(yǔ)后置等句子，不可能進(jìn)行乾坤大挪移時(shí)的句序調(diào)整。尤其是在同傳時(shí)，要的順句驅(qū)動(dòng)。

　　Interpretation is about meaning, not words. In addition, interpretation is different from translation. For inverted sentences, adverbial postposition and other sentences, it is impossible to adjust the sentence order when the universe shifts greatly. Especially in simultaneous transmission, we should be driven by the following sentences.

　　所以，口譯人員要靈活的斷句——以意群為單位進(jìn)行信息處理，把句子打散，條塊化的提取信息。如果說(shuō)前面幾大思維是從宏觀上把握，那么意群就是從微觀上入手，進(jìn)行理解。意群切分練習(xí)，可以從視譯和聽(tīng)辨兩處入手。多做視譯，是有效養(yǎng)成處理?xiàng)l狀話化思維的有效方式，有百利而一害。

　　Therefore, the interpreter should be flexible in the processing of information in the unit of meaning group, breaking up sentences and extracting information in blocks. If the first few thoughts are grasped from the macro level, then the meaning group is understood from the micro level. The practice of meaning group segmentation can start from two aspects: visual translation and auditory discrimination. Doing more visual translation is an effective way to cultivate and deal with structured thinking, which is beneficial and harmful.

　　聽(tīng)辨時(shí)，可以先從長(zhǎng)句開(kāi)始，培養(yǎng)以意群為單位的聽(tīng)取意識(shí)，逐漸擴(kuò)展意群長(zhǎng)度，擴(kuò)大聽(tīng)幅，然后擴(kuò)展到段落和篇章。切成意群、語(yǔ)言條狀話的目的不是為了“散”，而是為了“合”——是為了提升聽(tīng)辨效率。

　　When listening, we can start with long sentences, cultivate the sense of listening in the unit of meaning group, gradually expand the length of meaning group, expand the listening range, and then expand to paragraphs and chapters. The purpose of cutting into meaning groups and language bars is not to "scatter", but to "fit" - to improve the efficiency of listening.

　　提升信息處理速度，更好的進(jìn)行整體信息的輸出。斷而不亂，在切的同時(shí)，要體會(huì)各意群間的聯(lián)系，在輸出的時(shí)候用邏輯詞或者聯(lián)系詞，將其粘合在一起。

　　Increase the speed of information processing, better output of the overall information. Continuously without confusion, while cutting, we should understand the connection between different groups of ideas, and use logical words or connective words to glue them together when we output them.

　　6.追求簡(jiǎn)約美——簡(jiǎn)潔化思維

　　6. Pursuing the Beauty of Simplicity: Simplicity of Thinking

　　口譯是與時(shí)間賽跑的游戲，要在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)輸出大量的信息。在保證邏輯性和全面的同時(shí)，要學(xué)會(huì)講話說(shuō)短、說(shuō)簡(jiǎn)。要做到簡(jiǎn)，首先從繁做起——一句多表，一詞多譯，要養(yǎng)成多樣性表達(dá)、靈活轉(zhuǎn)換的習(xí)慣。

　　Interpretation is a game of running against time. It needs to output a lot of information in a limited time. While guaranteeing logicality and comprehensiveness, we should learn to be short and concise. To simplify, we should first start with complexity - one sentence with many tables and one word with many translations. We should cultivate the habit of diversified expression and flexible transformation.

　　在靈活表達(dá)、全面輸出信息的同時(shí)，盡量追求短而簡(jiǎn)，說(shuō)活不要啰嗦，不要拐彎抹角，要學(xué)會(huì)直奔主題。要提升口譯的整體能力，首先要構(gòu)建思維之路?？谧g入門(mén)，也不能忘記思維能力的訓(xùn)練。

　　While expressing and exporting information flexibly and comprehensively, we should try our best to be short and concise. We should not talk too long, talk in a roundabout way, and learn to go straight to the theme. In order to improve the overall ability of interpreting, we must first construct the way of thinking. Interpretation beginners should not forget the training of thinking ability.

中譯國(guó)際翻譯（北京）有限公司
China International Translation service Co., Ltd.